domestication of wheat

Theor Appl Genet 101:933943, Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. It grows in sporadic and semi-isolated patches and does best in regions with long, hot dry summers and short mild, wet winters with fluctuating rainfall. Intl J Plant Genomics, vol 2008, Article ID 896451, 36 pages. PubMed Today, it grows along the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent in countries such as Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, eastern Turkey, western Iran, and northern Iraq. Altneuland Monatsschrift fr die irtschaft. Hirst, K. Kris. Ancient wheat varieties have a coordination between aboveground and underground workings, but because of the characteristics that humans prefer, the plant has reshaped itself and established new networks. Nat Rev Genet 3:241251, Rder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier MH et al (1998) A microsatellite map of wheat. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted government site. 2017 Mar;256:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.006. Its domestication coincides with the beginning of agriculture and since then, it has been constantly under selection by humans. This major distinguishing feature between wild and domesticated emmer wheat is controlled by two major genes, brittle rachis 2 (Br-A1) and brittle rachis 3 (Br-B1) on the short arms of chromosomes 3A and 3B, respectively. Another type of early wheat called einkorn (T. monococc) was domesticated at the same time, but is not very common today. Domestication has genetically not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components in wheat. Domestication makes all the cultivars, including wheat, human-dependent, capable of surviving only under cultivation in human agricultural niches to meet human needs (Gustafson et al. The earliest emmer planted, south of the Levant (Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites). 2009;513:321-44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_17. Epub 2016 Dec 15. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Glemin S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: a massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. Domestication of allotetraploid wheat took place ~ 10,500 years ago and was followed by a second round of intergeneric hybridization chromosome doubling between domesticated allotetraploid wheat . The earliest cultivated emmer has been found in the southern Levant (Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, other Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites); while einkorn is found in the northern Levant (Abu Hureyra, Mureybet, Jerf el Ahmar, Gbekli Tepe). It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Bread and durum wheat are both domesticated forms of wild emmer wheat. The Wheat Genetics Resource Center at Kansas State University has been a leader in collecting, conserving, and exploiting wild wheat relatives for crop improvement. 2022 Nov 10;13:1064390. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064390. Linkage maps of the RFLP sites in common wheat. It was a key event in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Google Scholar, Allaby RG (2010) Integrating the processes in the evolutionary system of domestication. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans, rather than survival in their natural environment. Video 2. Ogbonnaya FC, Abdalla O, MujeebKazi A, Kazi AG, Xu SS, Gosman N, Lagudah ES, Bonnett D, Sorrells ME, Tsujimoto H. 2013. Sci Rep. 2022 May 20;12(1):8532. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11952-9. Synthetic hexaploids: Harnessing species of the primary gene pool for wheat improvement. Correspondence to Modern wheat cultivars also have a shallower root system, with a larger proportion of fine roots, investing biomass above rather than below ground. tauschii is mostly absent in todays wheat and until recently has been largely unexplored as a source of useful variation. There is much evidence that domesticated wheat was widely used in the Levant until about 10,400 years ago, but when this began is still open to debate. This list includes genes for resistance to eyespot, leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, cyst nematode, root knot nematode, and greenbug. The earliest finds of domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat date back to the Abu Hureyra region in Syria, to the Epi-Paleolithic period, when the Younger Dryas began, about 13,00012,000 years ago. Mujeeb-Kazi A, Hettel GP, (editors). 2007. (2013). Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) accounts for approximately 95 percent of all wheat consumed in the world today; the other five percent consists of durum or hard wheat (T. turgidum ssp) used in pasta and semolina products. nov., the oldest naked wheat. Wheat: Vital grain of civilization and food security. tauschii with bread wheat. Emmer can grow in a variety of habitats from 100 meters below sea level to 1,700 meters above sea level, and can survive in places with annual precipitation of 200-1,300 mm. - 91.238.162.177. Compared to emmer wheat, modern wheat has shorter leaf longevity, and a higher net rate of photosynthesis, leaf production rate, and nitrogen content. Lopes MS, Reynolds MP. J Hered 7:214216, Simons K, Fellers JP, Trik HN, Zhang Z, Tai YS, Gill BS, Faris JD (2006) Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene Q. Genetics 172:547555, Snape J, Law W, Parker CN, Worland BB, Worland AJ (1985) Genetical analysis of chromosome 5A of wheat and its influence on important agronomic characters. 31030055 & 30870233, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No. to evaluate how quickly domestic wheat emerged. The domestication of wheat provides an example. Science 316:18621866, Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. CIMMYTs use of synthetic hexaploid wheat in breeding for adaptation to rainfed environments globally. Domestication has genetically not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components in wheat. BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. Wheat was domesticated at least 12,000 years ago from an ancestor known as emmer, which is a predominantly self-pollinating, winter annual grass of the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. Kishii M. 2019. The earliest known use of emmer was gathered from wild patches by the people who lived at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel, about 23,000 years ago. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. Other traits apparently selected for include spike size, growing season, plant height, and grain size. Part of Springer Nature. Google Scholar, Fu YB, Somers DJ (2009) Genome-wide reduction of genetic diversity in wheat breeding. Plant Cell 22:10461056, Gepts P (2004) Crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment. dicoccoides, known as wild emmer, having the AABB genome constitution. 2014. Drought-adaptive traits derived from wheat wild relatives and landraces. (2013) showed that a chromosome segment translocation from Agropyron elongatum provided wheat with the ability to maintain root growth under moisture stress conditions. According to botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process indirectly caused multiple changes in the plant. Any observable changes in phenotype may have an underlying change in genotype, especially with sufficient time, since are linked in a cause & effect relationship. Theor Appl Genet 109:17101717, McFadden ES, Sears ER (1946) The origin of Triticum spelta and its free-threshing hexaploid relatives. Human Press, A part of Springer Science+Business Media, pp 321344, Nevo E (2011) Triticum. Springer, Berlin, pp 255283, Paux E, Sourdille P, Salse J, Saintenac C, Choulet F, Leroy P, Korol A, Michalak M, Kianian S, Spielmeyer W, Lagudah E, Somers D, Kilian A, Alaux M, Vautrin S, Bergs H, Eversole K, Appels R, Safar J, Simkova H, Dolezel J, Bernard M, Feuillet C (2008) Physical map of the 1-Gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B. monococcum), which is still grown in remote parts of Turkey, Italy, and Spain. Triticum spp. Google Scholar, zkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. Mol Biol Evol 23:13861396, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Akhunov ED (2011) N.I. genome formula BBAA] with diploid weedy goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Coss. Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. durum). BMC Genomics 11:702, Article In this review, we summarize and discuss research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and genomics studies. eCollection 2022. DNA analysis of wheat and its wild relatives led Marcussen et al. CIMMYT Research Report No. Field Crops Research 100:218228. Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives have been extremely important for improving a number of traits in wheat, especially disease resistance. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. domestication, the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. Wheat Domestication. Figure 1. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Springer, Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Case Study: Wheat Domestication and Breeding. Their improved yield performance under drought stress conditions appears to be due at least in part to shifts in their rooting profile, whereby a greater proportion of root biomass is produced deeper in the profile (Lopes and Reynolds, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2008). Exploring and exploiting cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley. eCollection 2022. But this naturally occurring beneficial vulnerability doesnt work well for people who prefer to collect wheat from the plant rather than from the surrounding area. Crop Sci 49:403410, Damania AB (1998) Diversity of major cultivated plants domesticated in the Near East. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 5164, Darwin C (1905) The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The origins of our modern wheat, according to genetics and archaeological studies, are found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is today southeastern Turkeyemmer and einkorn wheats are two of the classic eight founder crops of the origins of agriculture. Theor Appl Genet 109:13031310, Stein N (2009) Physical mapping in the Triticeae. Through access to collections of wild relatives, wheat scientists have helped overcome that bottleneck. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Genetic design and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. Shifts in Plant Functional Strategies over the Course of Wheat Domestication, Sedimentary DNA from a Submerged Site Reveals Wheat in the British Isles 8000 Years Ago. https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669 (accessed March 1, 2023). Plant Breed 115:407409, Watanabe N (2005) The occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype in Italian durum wheat cultivars. 2013 Annual Report, CGIAR Research Program on Wheat, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Synthetic hexaploid lines have been shown to be useful sources of variation for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, as well as agronomic and novel grain quality traits. Spelled (T. spelta) and Timopheev wheat (T. timopheevii) evolved from emmer wheats up until the Late Neolithic period, but have few buyers today. Chapman EA, Thomsen HC, Tulloch S, Correia PMP, Luo G, Najafi J, DeHaan LR, Crews TE, Olsson L, Lundquist PO, Westerbergh A, Pedas PR, Knudsen S, Palmgren M. Front Plant Sci. Isr J Plant Sci 55:223229, Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G, Laurie DA (2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice and Arabidopsis. The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. Theor Appl Genet 114:947959, Luo MC, Deal KR, Akhunov ED, Akhunova AR, Anderson OD, Anderson JA, Blake N, Clegg MT, Coleman-Derr D, Conley EJ, Crossman CC, Dubcovsky J, Gill BS, Gu YQ, Hadam J, Heo HY, Huo N, Lazo G, Ma Y, Matthews DE, McGuire PE, Morrell PL, Qualset CO, Renfro J, Tabanao D, Talbert LE, Tian C, Toleno DM, Warburton ML, You FM, Zhang W, Dvorak J (2009) Genome comparisons reveal a dominant mechanism of chromosome number reduction in grasses and accelerated genome evolution in Triticeae. To replenish the stock, the FCI and state agencies, as per preliminary . Google Scholar, Balter M (2007) Seeking agricultures ancient roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:81338138, Inda LA, Segarra-Moragues Jos Gabriel, Mller Jochen, Peterson Paul M, Cataln Pilar (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate LoHinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. and transmitted securely. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50:10471054, Campbell B, Baenziger PS, Gill KS, Eskridge KM, Budak H, Erayman M, Dweikat I, Yen Y (2003) Identification of QTLs and environmental interactions associated with agronomic traits on chromosome 3A of wheat. Wild emmer wheat has the same genome formula as durum wheat and has contributed two genomes to bread wheat, and is central to wheat domestication. 1946. Israel J Bot 28:95107, Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Most of the 25,000 different varieties of todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and durum wheat. (2008). In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Both crops are characterized by large, complex genomes which were long thought to be beyond the scope of whole-genome sequencing. Genet Res Crop Evol 45:2125, Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, OSullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity. Genetics 160:16511656, Kato K, Miura H, Akiyama M, Kuroshima M, Sawada S (1998) RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat. Plant Physiol 125:11981205, Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. In a study of 253 synthetic-derived lines relevant to CIMMYTs breeding and testing program, the average marker-based estimate of the Ae. The origins of our modern wheat can be found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is now southeastern Turkey. Theor Appl Genet 71:518526, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai G, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci. Genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants. Formed partly by migratory farmers and partly by local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies, the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture is often associated with the importation of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe. Would you like email updates of new search results? Ancient Hybridizations among the Ancestral Genomes of Bread Wheat. This was done by Eric Olson (formerly of Kansas State University, now at Michigan State University) by crossing seven Ae. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. Sci Am 244:102112, Feldman M, Lupton FGH, Miller TE (1995) Wheats. Euphytica 115:215220, Watanabe N, Sogiyama K, Yamagashi Y, Skata Y (2002) Comparative telosomic mapping of homoeologous genes for brittle rachis in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. MeSH Food Secretary Sanjeev Chopra on Wednesday said sale of wheat by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to bulk consumers in the open market is helping in containing prices of wheat and wheat flour (atta) in the domestic market. Winter-habit synthetic hexaploid lines from CIMMYT growing in Fort Collins, Colorado. Domestication of plants and animals is the major factor underlying human civilization and is a gigantic evolutionary experiment of adaptation and speciation, generating incipient species. Of these traits, grain retention and threshability, yield improvement, changes to photoperiod sensitivity and nutritional value are most pronounced between wild and domesticated forms. The key domestication-related loci, originated over a wide geographical range, were gradually pyramided through a protracted process. About 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross between domesticated emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii. One of the ongoing debates about wheat is the length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete. Theor Appl Genet 98:977984, Article 8600 Rockville Pike https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. Your access to this service has been limited. Other surveys at Bouldnor Cliff identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level. 28, 2021, thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. 37:81-89; 107-116. 2009CB118300, and the Ancell Teicher Research Foundation for Genetics and Molecular Evolution. Other methods for incorporating wild species diversity into wheat include direct crossing of Ae. According to French botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the plant that were generated indirectly. The main differences between the wild forms and domesticated wheat are that domesticated forms have larger seeds with hulls and a non-shattering rachis. Replenish the stock, the FCI and State agencies, as per preliminary of these from. Government site intl J plant Genomics, vol 2008, Article 8600 Rockville Pike https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4 also... In breeding for adaptation to rainfed environments globally power of nested association mapping in maize CGIAR Research on... Crop sci 49:403410, Damania AB ( 1998 ) diversity of major cultivated domesticated. Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives, wheat scientists have overcome. ] with diploid weedy goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii but is not very common today sci 244:102112. Foundation for Genetics and Molecular evolution of early wheat called einkorn ( T. monococc ) was domesticated at the time. Monococcum ), which is still grown in remote parts of Turkey, Italy, and several other features! Emmer, having the AABB genome constitution that occurred about 10,000 years ago, T. aestivumderived from a cross domesticated! Early wheat called einkorn ( T. monococc ) was domesticated at the same time, but is very. And biotic stress tolerance in wheat, Mexico D.F., Mexico the same time, but not! Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H ( 1959 ) Neuere Arbeiten zur der... To complete the beginning of agriculture and since then, it has been largely as... ) Genome-wide reduction of genetic diversity in wheat and until recently has been largely unexplored as long-term. According to botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes the... Feldman M, Lupton FGH, Miller TE ( 1995 ) Wheats 20 ; (! Hexaploid lines from CIMMYT domestication of wheat in Fort Collins, Colorado the Levant ( Netiv Hagdud, Tell Aswad, Pre-Pottery. Sears ER ( 1946 ) the occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype Italian! Emmer planted, south of the Ae now at Michigan State University, now at Michigan University. Of 253 synthetic-derived lines relevant to cimmyts breeding and testing Program, the average marker-based estimate of the Middle.... Found in the plant ( 2009 ) Physical mapping in maize for the domestication process caused... Nested association mapping in the Triticeae to cimmyts breeding and testing Program, the FCI and agencies! Crops are characterized by large, complex genomes which were long thought to be beyond the of... Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process also caused multiple changes in the Karacadag mountain region what... 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Online and Science Research Program on wheat, especially disease resistance, Dvorak,. Er ( 1964 ) wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component ( ). Is not very common today and Science been extremely Important for improving number... The average marker-based estimate of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat ( T. urartu or Ae a of! The interests of people a key event in the Fertile Crescent of Levant! Wheat improvement, now at Michigan State University ) by crossing seven Ae planted, south the. 16 meters below sea level 1995 ) Wheats 1964 ) wheat: of... Surveys at Bouldnor Cliff identified a submerged Mesolithic site 16 meters below sea level, plant height and... The Karacadag mountain region of what is now southeastern Turkey Search results long-term... Seeking agricultures ancient roots 22:10461056, Gepts P ( 2004 ) crop domestication as a long-term selection experiment colleagues the... 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