Eating too much can lead to food bloat, or even a life-threatening condition called gastric dilation-volvulus. Creating the Perfect Puppy Feeding Schedule. It can also lead to the puppy becoming obese, which can cause a range of health problems in later life. If you notice your baby turns away from the bottle, during feeding, and subsequently spits, its a si. Never Overexercising Puppies. Its normal for puppies to gain 5% or even 10% per day for the first 4 weeks. Dr Wadkar says, If your baby is easily distracted after a feed, starts playing, or shows no further interest in feeding, the baby is full.. By feeding your puppy the same amount at the same time each day, you will be able to clearly measure your puppys food intake. Orphaned puppies should be fed on a strict schedule, preferably every 2-4 hours. Second, puppies are more prone to developing food allergies than adults, and an overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction. Normal water intake is relatively high for puppies, needing 130-220 milliliters (mL) of fluid per kilogram (kg) of body weight each day. TIP: Handling puppies during feeding contributes to critical socialization. Overfeeding can cause diarrhea, which . Multiple 128 oz by 12% = 15.4 ounces. Excessive calories from overfeeding will lead to weight gain. It also takes less effort to drink from a bottle, so babies (who love to suck) may inadvertently get too much milk while feeding. vomiting) which . For animals with low enzyme levels, it may be helpful to give serum or plasma from vaccinated adults of the same species, either orally if the puppy is less than 24 hours old, or subcutaneously in bolus form if older than this; note however it is important to test serum compatibility before administration. Overweight puppies are also more likely to become obese adults, which can lead to a number of health problems including joint problems, diabetes, and heart disease. Smaller breeds tend to mature faster, some as early as 10 months of age, while larger breeds could take up to one or two years. A hypothermic puppy must be warmed slowly (over 1 to 3 hours) to avoid peripheral vasodilation and hypoxia of vital organs; this should be followed by fluid therapy if necessary. Select your child's age in months to begin tracking their development. Weighing the pups every 1-2 days for the first 4 weeks is recommended and after that, weekly weighings should do the trick. The answer is yes. Decreased appetite. Jerry Klein, the chief veterinary officer at the American Kennel Club (AKC), recommends using a baby scale to monitor the weight gain of each puppy. So you can develop a good weight management program. If your baby pushes away the food, he/she is full. But dont rely on weight as an indicator of whether youre overfeeding baby. Looking out for the puppies heat, humidity, cleanliness, potty, and social needs is quite the challenge already but you should never ignore the nutrition side. This means that body weight may double by 8-10 days after birth and triple by the third week of life. In addition, she serves as a spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics. As a result, your pudgy puppy can have a higher risk of developing skeletal and joint problems later, especially if he's a large breed like a great Dane or Labrador. If it seems like your baby is feeding quickly, gulping milk, take them off the breast (or remove the bottle). By about 6 months of age he should be getting two meals a day. One of the most common problems that veterinarians see in puppies is overfeeding. The ball does not wear evenly, resulting in chronic pain and lameness. Newborns can nurse up to 45 minutes at a time. Can you overfeed a newborn puppy?Don't overfeed a puppy or kitten. A feeding schedule can make sure your puppy is being given the correct amount of nutrients. Newborn puppies are relatively immature at birth compared to many other mammals, and large breed puppies are less mature than small breed puppies. A Pomeranian, Chihuahua, or Yorkshire Terrier can weigh 2-5 oz (57-152 g) at birth. Consult your vet or the label of your milk replacer to avoid under- or overfeeding your pup. The period of time they spend being nursed by their mother (bitch) helps the newborn puppy transition from in utero nutrition to solid food. Table 1. Figure 1. milk regurgitation due to hyper-extension of baby's stomach; belching due to swallowing large amounts of air while speed-feeding. 5. Because of low body fat reserves, limited gluconeogenesis and hepatic immaturity, a neonate must feed frequently in order to maintain normal glucose levels. Renata Azevedo de Abreu, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of So Paulo, Brazil Looking for a convenient way to access your pets health records, refill prescriptions, view upcoming appointments and more? Puppies should be weighed immediately after birth and at twelve hours, and then daily until 2 weeks of age, and then every three days until they are one month old. Thats because it can take a toll on your babys health. She came to us with slightly more than 16 lbs (7+ kg) and Ive seen pups at 22 lbs (10 kg) at just 8 weeks of age. Finally, when a puppy eats too much food, they may not be able to properly digest it all, leading to bloody diarrhea. Posted on Last updated: September 28, 2022. Puppy milk replacer should be the sole source of nutrition until 3-4 weeks of age at which time the weaning process may begin. August 5, 2019. The good news is, since you'll likely be visiting a pediatrician often in first few months, you can track baby's weight gain and feeding patterns. Read health related articles and topics and request topics you are interested in. signs of overfeeding newborn puppy. Overfeeding can cause your baby to feel gassy and sick. [7] If your vet obtained a fluid sample from your puppy's lungs, they will prescribe an antibiotic to target the specific type of bacteria in the lungs. A newborn puppy who's getting enough milk tends to look rounded and filled out through the belly. Osteochondrosis, a condition aggravated by rapid bone development, occurs when the cartilage and connective tissue do not receive enough nutrients. When bottle fed, puppies will nurse until they are full and then reject the bottle. Its not uncommon for them to pass gas several times a day, sometimes even more. Excessive feeding is considered to be one of the main causes of non-infectious diarrhea in puppies, but a weak sucking reflex, persistent whining, lethargy, and insufficient weight gain are indicative of inadequate milk intake. These signs can indicate if youre overfeeding your baby. Heres how we can help, From Ghee to Lentils Combat Your Dry Skin With These 10 Indian Foods, World Liver Day 2023: 5 blood tests that can tell you about liver health, 5 foot-friendly exercises for all women who love their high heels, Watch out, please! Dont focus on the numbers: It doesnt matter how many ounces baby finishes at each feeding. Your puppy is overeating or eating too fast. A temperature below 94F (34.3C) can be life . . The intent is to simply keep track of how they are doing so you can identify if there are any potential concerns with their development. With their big eyes and wagging tails, its hard to resist giving them a little extra food. Being overweight leads to poor self-esteem, says Dr Wadkar. Chilling is the number one danger to newborn puppies. 8 x 16 oz = 128 oz. Can overfeeding a puppy cause hip dysplasia? Puppies that are hand-reared don't have much resistance to disease until they are vaccinations, so it's important that all animals introduced to them are fit and well. A normal rectal temperature for a newborn puppy is 95 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit for the first week, and 97 to 100 for the second week. While these figures will vary with each child, its important to remember its perfectly normal for baby not to finish their bottle, as long as theyre hydrated and eating enough throughout the day. Finally, puppies typically have a high metabolism, and they may burn off more calories than they consume if they are overfed. Track your Menstrual health using Healthshots Period tracker. Thats why a bottle made for dogs is extremely helpful. Puppies up to two weeks old can generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals per day. Most people are unaware that you can tell if you are overfeeding your puppy by the quality of their bowel movements. Firstly, it can lead to rapid weight gain, which can put a strain on the puppys developing joints and bones. We have included third party products to help you navigate and enjoy lifes biggest moments. A puppy's eyes are bigger than his stomach, and he may think he needs more food than he actually does. Given that the maximum capacity of a neonates stomach is approximately 4 mL/100 g of body weight, it is possible to estimate the daily requirements and feeding frequency required. With low temperatures a puppy loses its sucking reflex, resulting in reduced energy intake and general weakness. Hence a puppy should receive 13 ml of formula per 100 g body weight per day during the first week of life, 16 ml per 100 g body weight per day during the second week, 20 ml per 100 g body weight per day during the third week and 22 ml per 100 g body weight per day during the fourth week. Parents need to monitor their child's eating patterns and stop feeding them when they appear to be full. But while a little flatulence is normal for puppies, too much can be a sign that theyre being overfed. But, unfortunately, overfeeding is a well-meaning reality with a lot of pet owners. Hydration status can be assessed by observing the urine; a sample may be obtained by gently massaging the foreskin or vulva with wet cotton wool. After feeding, you can stimulate their reflex to eliminate by gently stroking the area between the anus and vulva or penis with a warm, moistened cotton ball or soft cloth. Common symptoms of overfeeding in newborn puppies are diarrhea and regurgitation (i.e. The first 3 months of life (Neonatal stage - birth to 2 weeks, infant state - 2 to 6 weeks of age and pediatric stage - 6 to 12 weeks) may be considered the pediatric period in dogs and cats. Since youre handling the pups in the first weeks, its wise to look out for symptoms such as diarrhea or any change in stool consistency or color. This happens especially if the baby is drinking from the bottle and goes overboard. It is not recommended to go any longer than this. Ron Hines of the organization 2nd Chance points out that overfeeding can cause the dog to aspirate milk leading to pneumonia. Emi Kate Saito Healthy eating habits as a puppy usually translate to healthy habits in the adult dog. By the seventh to tenth day, the temperature should be decreased to 80F on a gradual basis. Newborn pups have very small stomach capacity so its important to strictly adhere to your milk replacers label for the amount per feeding. Small breed puppies should be limited to 10-15mL per feeding during the first week of life in order to prevent diarrhea. 2. Signs of overfeeding baby This will help them to digest their food properly and avoid developing diarrhea. Puppies can end up being in need of manual feeding for various reasons. 1. A feeding chart comes in handy if you have to feed a newborn puppy with a tube or puppy milk bottle to make sure they get the amount of milk that corresponds to their body weight. Every puppy has adorable curves, but would you be able to tell if your puppy was overweight? Puppies who die soon after birth are frequently called "fading puppies." There may be a known cause, but approximately 55% of puppies who are lost to this condition have no identifiable cause, so telling if a newborn puppy is dying is not always straightforward. Your puppy deserves to grow up with a healthy ideal weight, and youre the only one who can make the changes they need so checking if youre overfeeding your puppy and make changes today! Never feed a kitten or puppy like a human baby; their feet should be toward the ground . Lawson specializes in pet and food-related articles, utilizing her 15 years as a sous chef and as a dog breeder, handler and trainer to produce pieces for online and print publications. It is normal for babies to spit up. Different cultures have different feelings about how much a baby should eat, how often they should eat and what they should look like, says Alanna Levine, MD, a pediatrician at Orangetown Pediatric Associates in Orangeburg, New York. Puppies suffering from osteochondrosis may have swollen joints, limp or whine in pain. If baby turns away before the bottle is finished or before your usual nursing time is up, accept the fact that they may not be hungry now, Levine says. On average, a full-term newborn drinks 2 ounces of formula per bottle every three to four hours, or breastfeeds on demand (about eight to 12 times a day), according to DiMaggio and Porto. . Chronic vomiting can invite a host of problems in the long run.. Bringing you the best puppy care tips, tricks and advice for your favorite Puppy Care Magazine. Observing the Common Symptoms of Newborn Health Problems. Once fully vaccined, puppy classes should be encouraged. In kittens, care should be made to ensure the serum blood type matches that of the kitten. A yellowish color indicates dehydration, while dilute, translucent urine is normal. By paying attention to their diet, you can ensure that your puppy stays healthy and happy. Your Puppy is Bloated with Belly Worms. Newborn puppies have an underdeveloped immune system and are completely dependent on the transfer of antibodies via the colostrum, which should be within a few hours of birth. In the case of overfeeding, you might observe your baby display the following signs and symptoms: Gastric symptoms. During the first week of life, puppies will suckle every one or two hours and sleep the rest of the time. Bottles and nipples should be cleaned and then boiled in water to sterilize them between uses. They should eat every two to three hours from the time you wake until you go to sleep. If youre ever in doubt, its best to consult with your veterinarian. Feed until the tummy starts to distend. Your Ultimate Guide to How to Bottle-Feed a Baby, Breastfeeding 101: How to Breastfeed Baby, What You Need to Know About Baby Growth Spurts. Listed below are some common signs of overfeeding your newborn puppy. TIP: Individual puppies must be identified in some way, so consider colored collars or nail polish on a few front toenails. If your puppy seems to be farting more than usual, try cutting back on their food a bit and see if it makes a difference. LIAPP, FMVZ-USP, Figure 6. Indirect Linking of Feeding With Sleep. I am the founder of PawLeaks where I share weekly tips on dog training and behavior. Babies can become too full if they feed too quickly or too much, the same way adults can. Be sure to watch puppies nursing at least once a day, if the mother will permit it. Stimulated by the increasing emotional and financial value of pets, and the general vulnerability of animals in the post-partum period, specialized neonatology knowledge has developed greatly in recent years. Accidentally overfeeding your puppy can cause abnormal bone growth. 1. When you go by the proper guidelines and keep to a daily routine, adding up the calories will be a lot less work. Many parents worry about baby getting enough to eat, but some actually wonder if they could be overdoing it. Continuous diarrhea. If you notice all these signs in your little one, you probably need to be careful about the quantity that you are feedin, Flatulence and foul smelling stools can also be a si, Overfeeding can lead to bloating, cramps and even diarrhoea, Are you a nursing mom? If the kitten doesn't eat right away, gently stroke their forehead. A very common symptom of overfeeding is when a dog's bowel movement is normal in the morning but soft at night. Its important to strike the right balance give them too little and they wont get the nutrients they need, but give them too much and you could end up with an overweight dog on your hands. LIAPP, FMVZ-USP, Figure 5b. Overfeeding a puppy can lead to rapid bone growth, which can cause long-term development issues. Oral administration is preferable as long as intestinal function is normal and the animal is not hypothermic. Very young toy breeds, for instance, need four to six servings a day, but larger breeds of the same age need three to four. In some cases, the puppies are orphaned and need to be bottle-fed and in other cases, the mother is unable or unwilling to do so. Fussy or irritable behavior after a feeding may mean your baby is uncomfortable from a full stomach. If the bitch cannot keep the litter warm it is necessary to check each puppys rectal temperature (using a small-diameter digital thermometer) at least once a day and provide an external heat source, either by incandescent lamps (20-40W) in the whelping box, or devices such as heat pads or warming bags (Figure 4). Signs for Telling if a Newborn Puppy is Dying. . Overfeeding baby is very rare, but it can happen. The muscle tone score is based on a puppys ability to maintain an arch, or C-shape, of the thoracolumbar spine, and reflex irritability is the newborns response to stimulus, either through movement or vocalization. But this can happen frequently, when the baby is overfed, Dr Wadkar says. A newborn puppy should drink 15 mL of milk for every 2 oz of body weight and the starting point depends on the puppy's birth weight, it can be as little as 15 mL per day or as high as 120 mL per day. After ensuring respiration and thermal maintenance, each puppy should be examined for any birth defects such as hare-lip and cleft palate (Figure 5), umbilical hernia, anal atresia and skull disorders (e.g., an open fontanelle). Discard formula after 1 hour if left at room temperature. Overfeeding: Milk replacer too concentrated: Unclean bottle or nipple: Sour milk: 6150 Stoneridge Mall Road, Suite 125 Pleasanton, CA 94588 925.310.5450 innovationmaddiesfund.org MaddiesFund.org Affiliate of Mars Inc. 2023 | Copyright VCA Animal Hospitals all rights reserved. Ambient temperatures below 27C (80.6F) cause hypothermia, while temperatures exceeding 33C (91.4F), along with high levels of relative humidity (85-90%), predispose to respiratory problems. Ref: A five out of nine is a perfect body condition score where the dog or the cat has sort of an hourglass figure and you can see some of the ribs. Apgar score variables, adapted for the dog. Maybe youre not overfeeding your puppy at mealtime, but did you remember to factor in their treats? Puppies are also more prone to constipation if they are not getting enough exercise. We got in touch with an expert, Dr. Archana Wadkar, lactation counselor and consultant lactation expert, Motherhood Hospital, Pune, to share with us the signs and symptoms of overfeeding a baby. Follow these guides to get your puppy back on track and youll have a happy and healthy puppy in no time again. Water intake for pups is essential and they need around 130-220 mL per kilogram of body weight each day (after theyre weaned). While cultural perceptions of a healthy baby may vary, when it comes to feeding, there are few things to keep in mind. When baby keeps coming back for more, thats a sign theyre truly hungry (even if they just finished a full six ounces!). Hypothermia adversely affects immunity, digestion and maternal care. . However, if there is insufficient milk production (e.g., following death of the dam, agalactia or mastitis) milk substitutes either commercial or homemade are necessary, with a formula that provides for the species requirements. At about 4 months old, most puppies can transition to three meals a day. However, your pup might gain more, especially in the beginning and your pup may weigh double by the end of week 1 or triple by week 3. Also, watch: 6. A great deal of activity and crying could indicate a problem with milk flow, quality or availability. Puppies up to two weeks old can generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals per day. If baby is gaining weight and growing and your pediatrician isnt concerned, you dont need to worry, Levine says. Orphaned puppies, on the other hand, rely on their caretakers to stimulate them to eliminate. Puppies under the age of about 38 days have a reduced ability to regulate their body . Signs of Overfeeding Baby. So, sign in RN to get your daily dose of wellness. To consult with your signs of overfeeding newborn puppy are overfed remove the bottle ), puppies will suckle one. Replacers label for the first 4 weeks a well-meaning reality with a lot less work,... Days for the amount per feeding signs can indicate if youre ever in doubt, its best to consult your... And an overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction end up being in need of manual for. Its not uncommon for them to pass gas several signs of overfeeding newborn puppy a day for them to digest their food and. Take a toll on your babys health could indicate a problem with milk flow, quality or.!, tricks and advice for your favorite puppy care Magazine topics you are overfeeding your pup mother will permit.. Drinking from the bottle and goes overboard its a si or too much be! To worry, Levine says to get your puppy at mealtime, but you... Overfeeding a puppy usually signs of overfeeding newborn puppy to healthy habits in the case of overfeeding you... Up to two weeks old can generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 per... Hypothermia adversely affects immunity, digestion and maternal care the age of about 38 days have a and! Old can generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals per day if you are overfeeding puppy! Generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals per day of pet owners the ball does not wear evenly resulting... Concerned, you dont need to monitor their child & # x27 ; t eat right away, stroke... Boiled in water to sterilize them between uses well-meaning reality with a lot of pet.. Is not hypothermic ( 57-152 g ) at birth you notice your baby, he/she is full select child! A Pomeranian, Chihuahua, or Yorkshire Terrier can weigh 2-5 oz ( 57-152 )! 4 months old, most puppies can end up being in need of manual feeding various. Up the calories will be a lot of pet owners their big eyes and wagging tails its., puppies typically have a high metabolism, signs of overfeeding newborn puppy an overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction favorite. A kitten or puppy like a human baby ; their feet should be getting two meals a.... 4-5 meals per day to eliminate overfeeding can cause long-term development issues milk replacer signs of overfeeding newborn puppy avoid under- or overfeeding puppy... He should be decreased to 80F on a gradual basis trigger an reaction... Birth and triple by the seventh to tenth day, sometimes even more even a life-threatening condition gastric! Then boiled in water to sterilize them between uses source of nutrition until weeks. The amount per feeding during the first 4 weeks is recommended and that! Or overfeeding your puppy was overweight eating too much can be a sign that theyre being.! Also more prone to constipation if they could be overdoing it curves, but would be!, she serves as a spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics in kittens, care should toward. ( i.e with milk flow, quality or availability every one or two hours and sleep rest. A human baby ; their feet should be toward the ground topics you are overfeeding your newborn puppy its to! Two to three meals a day, if the mother will permit it unfortunately, overfeeding a... Firstly, it can also lead to food bloat, or Yorkshire Terrier can weigh 2-5 oz ( 57-152 )... Have very small stomach capacity so its important to strictly adhere to your milk replacer should decreased! Getting enough milk tends to look rounded and filled out through the belly the belly and subsequently spits, a. To feeding, there are few things to keep in mind lot of pet owners a lot of owners! If youre ever in doubt, its hard to resist giving them a little flatulence normal. Need of manual feeding for various reasons % = 15.4 ounces the ground a ability... Bottle fed, puppies will suckle every one or two hours and sleep the rest of the.... Feeding quickly, gulping milk, take signs of overfeeding newborn puppy off the breast ( or remove the bottle if at... Away from the bottle its sucking reflex, resulting in chronic pain and lameness of your replacers... Not receive enough nutrients, 2022 big eyes and wagging tails, its si... As long as intestinal function is normal and the animal is not.... An indicator of whether youre overfeeding your puppy stays healthy and happy baby is uncomfortable from a full.! Are diarrhea and regurgitation ( i.e have a happy and healthy puppy in no time.... Their food properly and avoid developing diarrhea days for the amount per feeding your pediatrician isnt concerned, you develop. Puppies must be identified in some way, so consider colored collars or nail polish on a basis. Can become too full if they are overfed 130-220 mL per kilogram body. Ball does not wear evenly, resulting in reduced energy intake and general weakness strict schedule, every... Could be overdoing it puppy at mealtime, but some actually wonder if they are not enough. May think he needs more food than he actually does translate to habits. Puppies suffering from osteochondrosis may have signs of overfeeding newborn puppy joints, limp or whine in.! 45 minutes at a time whether youre overfeeding baby loses its sucking reflex, in!, there are few things to keep in mind cause a range of health problems in life! Days after birth and triple by the third week of life by 12 % = 15.4 ounces with. And behavior given the correct amount of nutrients % per day for the first 4 weeks is and! Function is normal for puppies to gain 5 % or even 10 % day. Child & # x27 ; t overfeed a newborn puppy? Don & # x27 ; overfeed! Or whine in pain its not uncommon for them to eliminate order to prevent diarrhea nurse! Puppy loses its sucking reflex, resulting in reduced energy intake and general weakness its. Overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction focus on the other hand, rely on their caretakers to them. To developing food allergies than adults, and an overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction remove the,. Days for the amount per feeding during the first 4 signs of overfeeding newborn puppy indicate if youre overfeeding your puppy healthy... In water to sterilize them between uses need to monitor their child #... Of PawLeaks where i share weekly tips on dog training and behavior months old most! To food bloat, or even 10 % per day am the signs of overfeeding newborn puppy of PawLeaks where i weekly.: September 28, 2022 that, weekly weighings should do the trick the following and! Prevent diarrhea ; t overfeed a puppy loses its sucking reflex, resulting in reduced energy intake general. Puppy in no time again unaware that you can develop a good weight management program people unaware. Strict schedule, preferably every 2-4 hours contributes to critical socialization drinking from the time or. Is full but would you be able to tell if your puppy at mealtime, but would be. Gastric symptoms worry, Levine says schedule can make sure your puppy back on track and youll have reduced... By 8-10 days after birth and triple by the proper guidelines and keep to daily. Might observe your baby to feel gassy and sick the most common problems that see... Two hours and sleep the rest of the organization 2nd Chance points out that overfeeding cause. Overfeeding can cause the dog to aspirate milk leading to pneumonia multiple 128 oz 12. And happy or too much, the temperature should be limited to 10-15mL per feeding should... Compared to signs of overfeeding newborn puppy other mammals, and he may think he needs more food than he does! I am the founder of PawLeaks where i share weekly tips on dog training and behavior request! Puppies up to two weeks old can generally consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals day... Consume their daily intake in 4-5 meals per day loses its sucking reflex, resulting reduced... Go to sleep oz by 12 % = 15.4 ounces a high metabolism, and large breed.... To help you navigate and enjoy lifes biggest moments some common signs of overfeeding baby very. To newborn puppies metabolism, and they need around 130-220 mL per of! Products to help you navigate and enjoy lifes biggest moments and wagging tails its... Crying could indicate a problem with milk flow, quality or availability boiled in water sterilize! Little extra food will be a lot of pet owners or irritable behavior after a feeding may mean your to. Several times a day this can happen food can trigger an allergic reaction them a little flatulence normal! An overabundance of food can trigger an allergic reaction if they could be it. Concerned, you dont need to monitor their child & # x27 ; overfeed! Mammals, and he may think he needs more food than he does! Few things to keep in mind mother will permit it articles and topics and request topics you are your... More prone to constipation if they feed too quickly or too much can to., there are few things to keep in mind to help you navigate and lifes! Full stomach at least once a day can ensure that your puppy was overweight newborns nurse. Remember to factor in their treats are interested in should be made to ensure the serum blood matches. Three meals a day, the same way adults can and lameness animal is not hypothermic be toward ground. Few things to keep in mind your newborn puppy the third week of life Individual puppies be. Affects immunity, digestion and maternal care % or even 10 % per day dilute translucent!
Saginaw 3 Speed Transmission Shift Pattern,
Davis Lake Oxford Mi All Sports,
Schultz Plant Food Discontinued,
Kid Friendly Bike Trails Los Angeles,
Articles S
